Posts Tagged ‘crime and punishment’

Brazil Hoping To Shoot Down Suspected Drug Planes

Starting in late October, Brazil intends to shoot down planes flying within its airspace that it suspects of drug trafficking. The story began to receive publicity about a week ago, and today’s New York Times has an article. Brazil’s decision stirs memories of the tragic killing of a US missionary and her child under a similar policy in Peru in 2001.

The Times article includes a couple of quotes from “Gen. Mauro Jos? Miranda Gandra, a former chief of the air force who is now director of the Air Institute at Est?cio de S? University in Rio de Janeiro.” Gen. Gandra is concerned, it seems, that the shootdown policy will not be applied to any planes with children in them:”‘This really left me perplexed, because it practically undermines the very purpose of the decree,’ General Gandra said. ‘What you’re doing is creating a safe-conduct pass for drug-smuggling aircraft carrying kids and creating the possibility that children will be kidnapped and used as human shields.'”

Yes, drugs are so evil that you have to be willing to shoot down planes with children in them to combat drug trafficking. Anything short of that is a dangerous half-measure.

Read On…

Attractive Nuisance and Drug Laws

Now I am no lawyer (we are overlawyered anyway, right?), so don’t rely upon this information, but I don’t think you can legally set up a clown mannequin on your property near the street and booby trap it in such a way that if a little kid walks up to the clown, he will, say, fall into a deep ditch. It’s called an attractive nuisance, and your argument that you should not get in trouble, that the kid was himself behaving illegally by trespassing, is likely to fall upon deaf ears.

But if we are the government, what can we do? We can make it illegal to traffic in a commodity that many people want to consume. Then, a black market will develop, and of course it will develop primarily in bad neighborhoods where schools are rotten and legal earning prospects are poor. Then, we will occasionally police the black markets, and any young men who actually are tempted to sell the verboten commodity we label as reviled “drug pushers” or maybe even “drug kingpins,” and we put them away for a long, long, time. And the penalties applied to adults will be so significant, in fact, that 12 and 13 and 14-year old kids in these poor neighborhoods will have a comparative advantage in working in the trade, so we will have to arrest them, too, even if we can’t lock them up for quite so long. And we will shake our heads at the immorality of those folks in the bad neighborhoods who allow their youngsters to become drug pushers.

And while we are at it, we can set up ongoing integrity tests for the police, too. As drug transactions are voluntary, they generally don’t involve a direct victim who has incentives to go to the cops (especially if the transaction is not creating a public nuisance). A less-than-vigilant drug enforcement officer will not have complaints piling up on his sergeant’s desk, as he might if he neglected to investigate robberies, say. Anti-drug officers will quickly learn that their own efforts aren’t going to alter much of anything, that people will still buy and sell drugs, anyway, and that the drug use in and of itself only directly harms the user. And the officers also see that they can earn a lot of money, maybe thousands of dollars a month, by turning their heads at the appropriate times. Some of them do, and some of those get caught, and we are happy to label them “corrupt cops” and “bad apples,” and ship them off to prison, too, shaking our heads at their immoral acts that have brought shame upon our nation’s finest.

Now I am no lawyer, but maybe we should think about extending this notion of attractive nuisance to some of our drug laws, too.

More Victories in the War on Drugs

Singapore executed a man last week after he was caught with 6 pounds of marijuana. In the more enlightened US of A, he would have been unlikely to receive more than 20 years in prison.

Surely, if marijauna use would have been widespread during the Scottish enlightenment, Adam Smith would never have written about a smuggler in the terms that he actually did use in 1776: “a person, who, though no doubt highly blameable for violating the laws of his country, is frequently incapable of violating those of natural justice, and would have been, in every respect, an excellent citizen, had not the laws of his country made that a crime which nature never meant to be so.”

A Different Sort of Zero Tolerance Tale

Ambulance drivers dealing with emergencies have been known to put on their lights and sirens, followed by occasional speeding and the running of red lights. Police generally do not pull over the ambulances and fine the drivers who are behaving in this fashion. But police officers have human discretion, while cameras that automatically record speeding or red-light running offenses do not.

In Britain, where speed cameras are pretty common, ambulance drivers have been receiving hundreds of speeding tickets each week. It should come to an end now, at least in England and Wales, because at the beginning of July the police reached an agreement with the health minister calling for a cessation to the tickets — as long as the ambulance’s blue emergency lights are visible in the photograph. The agreement was spurred by a particularly notorious case, as reported in this article from the Guardian on July 3: “Pressure for a change to the penalty procedure mounted last year after Mike Ferguson, a Bradford ambulance driver, was charged with speeding as he delivered a liver for a transplant operation in Cambridge.”

So, man triumphs over unfeeling machine — but maybe we shouldn’t be too pleased with ourselves. In the pre-camera days of the 1960s, British law against red-light running did not include an exception for emergency vehicles. As with the recent circumstances with the cameras, the 1960s situation placed drivers of fire engines in a quandary: their licenses (and hence livelihoods) were at risk, while some chief officers of fire departments mandated that their drivers ignore red lights. An exception to the red-light law was finally carved out for fire engines and other emergency vehicles, first in the common law — in 1971! — and later by an Act of Parliament.

Vice Law Revolutions

Britain is rethinking its strategy towards regulating a variety of vices, from gambling, to marijuana, to alcohol, to prostitution. In all of these areas, changes under consideraton are quite far-reaching, almost revolutionary. (A smaller change, concerning an issue raised here yesterday, is this week’s announcement by the British communications regulatory agency of its intention to curtail television alcohol advertising that might appeal to underage drinkers in a variety of ways.)

Revolutions in vice regulation are not uncommon. A Chicagoan who turned 100 years old today would have lived through times when heroin was legal, prostitution was legal, marijuana was legal, cigarettes were illegal, alcohol was illegal, novels like Lady Chatterly’s Lover were illegal, state lotteries were non-existent, out-of-wedlock sex that involved crossing state lines was illegal, etc. There is no reason to believe that our current legal line drawing in the vice world will prove any more stable.

Vice Squad has looked at some of the pressures for vice laws (here) or their associated punishments (here) to change.

ABA study of criminal punishment released

The American Bar Association today released the report of the so-called “Justice Kennedy Commission.” Its bottom line: “America’s criminal justice systems rely too heavily on incarceration and need to consider more effective alternatives.” The report’s long list of recommendations — including the repeal of mandatory minimum sentences — will be taken up by the ABA House of Delegates at the annual meeting in Atlanta in August. (The full text of the report can be downloaded here.)

Marshmallow roust

Good news! Florida federal agents have apparently done such a good job clearing the shores of criminals and terrorists that they’ve moved to tackling the perversely trivial.

Wyoming teacher’s aide Hope Clarke stayed in Yellowstone last year, and was fined $50 for failing to put away her marshmallows in violation of the park’s food storage requirements, a fine she was required to pay before leaving the park. But, somehow, she ended up on a bench warrant list; when her cruise ship returned from Mexico, she was rousted and handcuffed by federal agents at 6:30 am, and haled before a court in “shackles and short shorts” hours later–even though the copy of the citation showed the fine had been paid. Magistrate Judge John O’Sullivan apologized, and ordered her released over the prosecutor’s suggestion that the case be transferred to Wyoming. (Catherine Wilson, AP, Jun. 19) (via Weinstein)(& letter to the editor, Sept. 10).

Plea bargaining

Nearly 95 percent of felony convictions result from plea bargains rather than trial, and acclaimed documentary-maker Ofra Bikel scrutinizes the process in a PBS “Frontline” show that aired last night (“The Plea”, Jun. 17). Last year (Fall 2003) the Cato Institute’s Regulation magazine published pro and con articles on the practice (Timothy Lynch, “The Case Against Plea Bargaining” (PDF); Timothy Sandefur, “In Defense of Plea Bargaining” (PDF)).

The cop and the criminal defense attorney

Ferrell Hunter, a sheriff’s deputy in Tunica County, Mississippi, was a Stakhanovite arrester of motorists on DUI charges, hailed by the state chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving as the state’s top such enforcement officer. But something MADD did not realize was that Tunica County has had a peculiarly low rate of actual conviction for DUI defendants. It turned out that Hunter had an arrangement with former Oxford attorney Joe Gregory Stewart: Hunter would provide Stewart with the names of motorists he arrested, Stewart would approach them and sign them up as clients, Hunter would then fail to make court dates so that the charges would be dropped, and Stewart would kick him back $200 or $300 per case. Now Hunter will serve three years probation after pleading guilty to conspiracy to commit extortion, while Stewart was sentenced to three years probation, hit with a $20,000 fine and disbarred. (Andy Wise, “Former Tunica County Deputy Sentenced For Fixing DUI’s”, WREG, Mar. 10)(via Lori Patel).